Starting from its concept, the core parameter can be derived: the critical micelle concentration (CMC).CMC), which is the minimum concentration at which surfactants begin to form micelles in large quantities; and the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value.HLB), used to quantify the strength of their hydrophilicity and lipophilicity, directly guiding their applications; and for ionic surfactants,KrafftCloud point and its relevance to non-ionic types.
The most common and systematic method of classification is based on the ionic type of the hydrophilic groups.
- Anionic surfactants:The earliest types to achieve industrial production included soap,LAS,AES,SDSWait. Its advantages are strong stain removal capability and low cost, while its disadvantages include poor tolerance to hard water and relatively high irritation.
- Cationic surfactant:It is primarily composed of quaternary ammonium compounds. Its most notable characteristics are its bactericidal and antistatic properties, making it commonly used in disinfectants and hair conditioners.
- Zwitterionic surfactants:Including betaine and amino acid types. Their greatest advantage is their mildness and low irritation, along with good compatibility with other types of surfactants, making them commonly used in infant products and low-irritation formulations.
- Nonionic surfactants:IfSpan,Tween,AEO, such as alkyl polyglucosides. They do not ionize in water, exhibit high stability, are minimally affected by electrolytes, and have good compatibility. The drawback is that they may have a relatively low cloud point.
In terms of application scenarios, surfactants have permeated almost every aspect of modern life, forming a vast industrial backdrop.
- Household Laundry:Detergents, laundry liquids, and dishwashing soaps are among the largest consumers of surfactants.
- Personal Care:Shampoo, body wash, facial cleanser, toothpaste, skincare products, etc., require high standards of mildness.
- Industrial and Public Facility CleaningI&I):Specialized cleaning agents for hotels, catering, food processing, hospitals, etc., focusing on efficiency, low foam, and rinsability.
- Petroleum Industry:Used as a flooding agent to enhance crude oil recovery.
- Textile, papermaking, pesticides, coatings, plastics, building materials, and many other industrial sectors,As an additive to improve processing procedures and product performance.